Abstract:

Anxiety disorders, affecting millions globally, are often challenging to diagnose and treat due to their complex etiology. Recent advances in genomics and transcriptomics offer novel biomarkers that can enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of these disorders. This review synthesizes current research on genomic and transcriptomic markers associated with anxiety disorders, discussing their potential applications in clinical practice. Key findings include associations between specific genetic variants, such as those in the 5-HTT and BDNF genes, and anxiety phenotypes, as well as the role of microRNAs and other transcriptomic signatures in modulating stress responses. The review highlights the promise of these markers in developing personalized therapeutic approaches while also addressing the challenges in their clinical implementation.

Abstract:

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains a cornerstone in the treatment of prostate cancer, but patient responses vary significantly. This systematic review evaluates the role and application of genomic and transcriptomic markers in assessing ADT efficacy and resistance. We analyzed 40 studies focusing on key markers such as AR-V7, TMPRSS2-ERG, RNA expression profiles, and the 23-gene signature. Our findings highlight the potential of these markers to personalize ADT, improve patient stratification, and guide treatment decisions. Despite promising results, challenges remain in standardization, cost, and clinical integration.

Abstract:

In order to study the dynamics of the standard echocardiographic values and parameters of left ventricular regional myocardial contractility in patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction we had examined 114 patients, of whom 79 presented with hibernated myocardium and 35 patients with non-hibernated myocardium. Along with the assessment of the basic echocardiographic values and left ventricle ejection fraction which do not provide comprehensive information regarding the dynamics of regional myocardial contractility in order to detect viable myocardium in patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, it is necessary to assess the degree of local contractility and wall motion score index in the dynamics of the 21 days of follow-up.

Abstract:

Non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) also known as euthyroid sick syndrome or low T3 syndrome is hypothyroidism caused by peripheral changes in the metabolism and thyroid hormone transport caused by severe debilitating diseases, in particular, heart failure. Recent data indicate that chronic heart failure can result in thyroid hormone metabolism disruption, which contributes to a progressive decrease in the concentration of triiodothyronine. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of hormone replacement therapy with low doses of thyroxine in congestive heart failure in patients with low triiodothyronine syndrome. The levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine-binding globulin, free thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, free triiodothyronine, and reversible triiodothyronine were measured by radioimmunological assay from samples obtained from 56 patients with chronic heart failure and 19 practically healthy individuals of the control group matched by age, gender, and body mass index. Patients with low triiodothyronine syndrome were prescribed hormone replacement therapy with low doses of thyroid hormones (thyroxine 12.5-25 mcg/day) until the euthyroid state was achieved. The values of total and free triiodothyronine were significantly lower in patients with heart failure, the level of thyroxine-binding globulin was also reduced, more than twofold increase in reversible triiodothyronine level was demonstrated compared to controls. Low triiodothyronine syndrome was diagnosed in 33.9% of patients with heart failure. Hormone replacement therapy resulted in a slight improvement in contractile function in individuals with low triiodothyronine levels, 2 (10.5%) patients manifested with signs of hyperthyroidism. Advanced stages of heart failure might be linked with NTIS. Hormone replacement therapy with low doses of thyroxine can contribute to a moderate improvement in contractile function, as evidenced by the improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction.

Abstract:

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid gland, resulting in hyperthyroidism. The disease's complex pathogenesis involves genetic predisposition and immunologic factors, which contribute to its variability in clinical presentation and response to treatment. Understanding the role of immunologic and genetic markers can facilitate personalized approaches to managing GD, particularly in assessing therapy efficacy and predicting relapses. This systematic review evaluates the current evidence on the role and application of immunologic and genetic markers in the assessment of Graves' disease therapy, emphasizing their potential utility in clinical decision-making.

Abstract:

Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in young men, with early and accurate diagnosis being critical for effective management and prognosis. Traditionally, the diagnostic approach relies on scrotal ultrasound and serum tumor markers, which, while effective, have limitations in characterizing complex lesions and detecting small, non-palpable tumors or metastatic disease. Recent advancements in imaging technology have introduced multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) as a promising tool in the diagnostic armamentarium for testicular cancer. MpMRI combines multiple imaging sequences, including T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), providing detailed anatomical and functional information about testicular lesions. This systematic review consolidates and evaluates current evidence regarding the role of mpMRI in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of testicular cancer. Key findings from the literature suggest that mpMRI offers superior sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional imaging techniques, particularly in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. It is also highly effective in the precise localization and staging of tumors, including the detection of small lymph node metastases, which are often missed by ultrasound or CT. This review highlights the potential of mpMRI to enhance diagnostic precision and influence treatment strategies in testicular cancer, while also identifying areas for further research, such as the optimization of imaging protocols and the assessment of mpMRI's impact on long-term clinical outcomes. The review underscores the importance of mpMRI as a non-invasive, highly informative imaging modality that could lead to more personalized and effective management of testicular cancer.

Abstract:

Introduction.  Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common and relevant disease, especially in developed countries. Radical prostatectomy (RP) remains the gold standard for the treatment of localized PCa. However, research findings often show conflicting results regarding the potential dividends in patients that choose this option. A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that the greatest benefits were observed in the high-risk group of PCa patients. Therefore, the identification of this contingent of patients is highly relevant. Biomarkers remain promising in this context. In particular, PCA3, the use of which is actively discussed, taking into account the heterogeneity of the research results. In our opinion, this can be associated with the studies designs. Objectives. In this work, we tried to evaluate the relationship between the PCa patients urine PCA3 levels and the tumor dominant growth pattern (TDGP) according to the tumor zone origin (TZO) in the context of the postoperative ISUP class (ISUP-GG). Materials and methods. The inclusion criteria were the presence of results: urine PCA3, total PSA, prostate MRI, ISUP-GG. The study included 130 participants, that were divided into subgroups depending on the TZO and TDGP: aPCa (anterior), aPZ-PCa (anterior, peripheral zone) and pPZ-PCa (posterior, peripheral zone). Results. The zones of origin of tumors according to the division into subgroups determined on the basis of MRI were confirmed by the results of patho-histological conclusion.  A statistically significant difference between the study subgroups was observed only in PCA3 levels.  The PSA level was significantly different only between the aPZ-PCa and pPZ-PCa groups. Based on the results of Spearman's rank correlation analysis, a statistically significant positive relationship between the level of PCA3 and ISUP-GG was obtained in the pPZ-PCa group. Conclusions.  It is worth taking into account the TZO and TDGP of PCa when PCA3 urine levels is interpreted.